BENCHMARK 2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                                 

 

 

Made by

                                                                                  Sofia Zavarykina

                                                                                  Municipal Educational Institution

                                                                                  ÒGimnasia № 164Ó

                                                                                  Form 10a

 

                                                                                  Advisor

                                                                                  Nelly V. Porseva

                                                                                    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ZELENOGORSK

 

2006

Introduction

The aim of the work at this benchmark was to investigate issues of nuclear weapons in the world today.

 Why Non-Proliferation Regime appeared?

Five leading nuclear nations had nuclear weapon at the end of the first half of the XX century. They were The United States of America, Russia (then the Soviet Union), The United Kingdom, France and China.

The first use of nuclear weapons in war took place in August 1945, when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Since then there havenÕt been cases of nuclear weapons usage in conflicts or wars. Atom bomb design and construction is very precise, but it is now widely accepted that a competent nuclear physicist could glean all the information needed from readily available scientific literature.

 ThatÕs why after 1945 politicians soon grasped the dangers presented by uncontrolled proliferation of nuclear weapons. Side by side with the arms race, governments from both sides of the Cold War divide moved to check the spread of nuclear weapons into other hands. Thus, an international non-proliferation regime appeared, supported by numerous agreements and treaties.

Now all countries in the world can be traced to one of the following groups according to their relation to nuclear weapons.

Countries in Relation to Nuclear Weapons

 

 

Name of the Group

Countries

Getting Nuclear Weapon

Treaties, where countries took part

Membership in IAEA

1.

ÒOldÓ nuclear nations

The United States of America

1945

á Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963);

á the Outer Space Treaty (1967);

á US-Soviet Treaty (1972);

á the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 1 1968);

á the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) (1972);

á Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (December 1987);

á Agreements to limit Chemical and Biological Weapons (1972);

á A treaty prohibiting anti-personnel mines (2001);

á Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996);

á African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Pelindaba (April, 11 1996);

á South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Rarotonga (March, 25 1996);

á Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco (November, 23 1981 – I, May, 12 1971 – II);  

1957

Russia

1949

á  Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963);

á  the Outer Space Treaty (1967);

á  US-Soviet Treaty (1972);

á  the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 1 1968);

á  the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) (1972);

á  Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (December 1987);

á  Agreements to limit Chemical and Biological Weapons (1972);

á  A treaty prohibiting anti-personnel mines (2001);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, June, 30 2000);

á  African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Pelindaba (November, 5 1996);

á  South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Rarotonga (April, 21 1988);

á  Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco (January, 8 1979);

1957

The United Kingdom

1940

á  Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963);

á the Outer Space Treaty (1967);

á the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 1 1968);

á African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Pelindaba (April, 11 1996);

á South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Rarotonga (September, 19 1997);

á Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco (December, 11 1969);

1957

France

1960

á  the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (August, 3 1992);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, April, 6 1998);

á  African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Pelindaba (October, 11 1997);

á  South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Rarotonga (September, 20 1996);

á  Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco (August, 24 1992 – I, March, 22 1974 – II);

1957

China

1964

á  the Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (March, 9 1992);

á  A treaty prohibiting anti-personnel mines (2001);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (2001);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996);

á  African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Pelindaba (September, 20 1996);

á  South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Rarotonga (October, 21 1988);

á  Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco (June, 2 1974);

1984

2.

ÒNewÓ nuclear nations

India

1974

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (2001);

á  India is not a signatory to NPT and has opposed the treaty as discriminatory to non-weapons states. India has previously taken the position that a world-wide ban on nuclear testing, and the production of fissionable material for weapons is called for;

1957

Israel

1967

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 25 1996);

1957

Pakistan

 

1996

 

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (2001);

á  Again following India's lead, Pakistan formally declared itself a nuclear weapons state following the 28 May 1998 tests;

1957

North Korea

2005

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (December, 12 1985);

-

3.

ÒPossibleÓ nuclear nations

Iran

 

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 1 1968);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996);

1958

Argentina

1940

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (February, 2 1995);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, December, 4 1998);

á  Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco (September, 27 1967);

1957

4.

ÒRejectingÓ nations

Brazil

1960

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (September, 18 1998);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, July, 24 1998);

á  Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco (March, 9 1967);

1957

Libya

 

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 18 1968);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (November, 13 2001);

á  African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Pelindaba (April, 11 1996);

1963

South Africa

1974

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 10 1991);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, March, 30 1999);

á  African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Pelindaba (April,11 1996);

1957

South Africa

1974

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 10 1991);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, March, 30 1999);

á  African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/Treaty of Pelindaba (April,11 1996);

1957

5.

ÒDenuclearizedÓ nations

Ukraine

 

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (December, 5 1994);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 27 1996, February, 23 2001);

1957

Belarus

 

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NTP) (July, 22 1993);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, September, 13 2000);

1957

Kazakhstan

 

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (February, 14 1994);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 30 1996);

1994

Sweden

1964 (nuclear weapon resignation)

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (August, 19 1968);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, December, 2 1998);

1957

6.

ÒNon-nuclearÓ nations

Switzerland

1969 (nuclear weapon resignation)

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (November, 27 1969);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, October, 1 1999);

1957

Australia

1972 (nuclear weapon resignation)

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (February, 27 1970);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, July, 9 1998);

1957

South

Korea

1980 (nuclear weapon resignation)

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 1 1968);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, September, 24 1999);

1957

Taiwan

1980 (nuclear weapon resignation)

 

 

Canada

 

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (July, 23 1968);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, December, 18 1998);

1957

Germany

 

á  The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (November, 28 1969);

á  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (September, 24 1996, August, 20 1998);

1957

 

7.

Nations belonging to Nuclear Weapons Free Zones (NWFZ)

Countries, which are situated on territories of Antarctic Region, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle  East, Australia, East Asia

 

á  Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof);

á  Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco;

á  South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty/ Treaty of Rarotonga;

á  Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone/ Bangkok Treaty;

á  African Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/ Treaty of Pelindaba;

 

 

IAEA as the main Guarantor of Non-Proliferation

International Atomic Energy Agency is a guarantee of maintenance of Nuclear Non-Proliferation. Governments, which passed IAEA, went by aspiration of decrease of international tension, made decision not to use atomic, hydrogen, nuclear and the other weapons of mass destruction.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization established in July 1957 Òto seek to accelerate and enlarge the contributions of atomic energy to peace, health, and prosperity throughout the worldÓ. Although created by an act of the General Assembly of the United Nations, the IAEA is an autonomous institution outside the United Nations system. It assists member nations, especially developing countries, by providing facilities and fellowships for training in nuclear science and technology and by making available the services of experts and essential items of equipment. In addition, the agency arranges for the supply of nuclear materials and reactors, finances research projects, and acts as a central agency for the diffusion of information on the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The IAEA is also committed to the research and development of energy sources that could replace conventional fuel systems.

The agency establishes safety codes for nuclear energy production and waste disposal, and it coordinates research efforts of physicists worldwide. It maintains an extensive database on publications related to nuclear power, and it offers technical assistance to developing countries, which comprise an increasingly large proportion of the IAEAÕs membership. The agency's activities emphasize work in the development of reactors and nuclear power, including their use in water desalination; application of radioisotopes and radiation in agriculture, biology, hydrology, industry, and medicine; establishment of safety standards for radioactive waste disposal; transport of nuclear materials; and establishment of international guidelines for nuclear legislation.

In 2005 the Nobel Peace prize was awarded jointly to the International Atomic Energy Agency and its Director General, Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.

Local Legislation of Countries as the factor of guarantee for Non-Proliferation

The guarantor of Nuclear Non-Proliferation regime is IAEA, besides that every nuclear nation has its own interior nuclear doctrine as well as other related laws and regulations. We prepared a brief outlook of Russian Legal Base of Non-Proliferation

 

Russian Legal Base

 

Doctrine or Legislation

Date of adoption

Features of the Reform

1.

National security

December, 12 1997

Harmony of interests of Russia and other different countries keeps objectively on problems of international safety: non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; preclusion and settlement of regional conflicts; struggle with international terrorism; security of nuclear and radiation safety.

2.

Military doctrine

April, 21 2000

Reduction of danger of

  • a large-scale war, including nuclear war,
  • globalization of local wars and armed conflicts,
  • intensification of regional arms race,
  • proliferation of nuclear and other kinds of weapons of mass destruction and means of its delivery.

3.

Foreign policy

June, 28 2000

Threat of the global nuclear conflict showed to a minimum. Espousal with different nations in Non-Proliferation of weapons of mass destructions.

4.

Using atomic energy

November, 21 1995

Consolidation of international regime of safety using of atomic energy; the law determine activity, which connects with using, test and production of nuclear weapon and nuclear energetic installation military aims.

5.

Defence

March, 31 1996

It affirms programs of nuclear and the other tests and authorizes carriage this tests; it affirms plans of allocation nuclear objects and its wastes on the Russian territory; it negotiates and bonds international treaties.  

6.

Export control

July, 18 1999

Conscientiousness of performance of the international obligations in Russia in Nuclear Non-Proliferation realm; harmony of processes and rules of export control with received international norms and practice.

 

There are many nuclear treaties and agreements nowadays, because people began to understand how much harmful nuclear weapon plays the deuce with people and ecology.

The main nuclear treaties and agreements are Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean) – Treaty of Tlatelolco, Comprehensive Nuclear – Test – Ban Treaty (CTBT), Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone – Bangkok Treaty, South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty – Treaty of Rarotonga. These treaties control and prohibit nuclear proliferation on different zones and territories.

From year to year number of nations, which bond nuclear treaties and agreements, increases. Nations understand danger from nuclear weapons and its proliferation.

 

The Main Non-Proliferation Treaties

 

Name of Treaty

Nations, which took part in it

Date, when the treaty took effect

Features of the Treaty

1.

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)

187 members

March, 5 1970

 

This treaty bans non-nuclear-states from acquiring nuclear weapons and nuclear-weapon states (defined as those possessing nuclear weapons on January 1, 1967, that is, the US, UK, China, France, and USSR—now Russia) from assisting or encouraging non-nuclear-weapon states to acquire nuclear weapons. The nuclear states are also supposed to make efforts to bring about the complete abolition of nuclear weapons. Under the NPT the non-nuclear-weapon states are entitled to receive assistance in developing nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. Since that time four countries are generally believed to have acquired nuclear weapons: India and Pakistan, explicitly, and Israel; South Africa claims to have developed but later destroyed nuclear weapons.

2.

South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty/ Treaty of Rarotonga

12 + 1 members

December, 11 1986

Treaty of Rarotonga banned nuclear weapons from South Pacific.

3.

Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear – Weapon – Free Zone/ Bangkok Treaty

10 members

March, 27 1997

Bangkok Treaty banned nuclear weapons from East Asia.

4.

African Nuclear- Weapon – Free Zone Treaty/ Treaty of Pelindaba

50 African Governments,

2 Nuclear Nations + France

April, 11 1996

Treaty of Pelindaba banned nuclear weapons from Africa.

5.

Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (and the Caribbean)/ Treaty of Tlatelolco

44 members

April, 25 1969 for 11 members,

By 2000 for 32 + 1 members

The Treaty of Tlatelolco banned nuclear weapons from Latin America.

 

Resources: