Center
for
Nonproliferation
Studies
MONTEREY
INSTITUTE
OF
INTERNATIONAL
STUDIES
Benchmark 3
by
Nail
Timkanov
SCHOOL №39
OZYORSK
RUSSIA
May,
2007
Contents
1. Introduction
2. “A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away….” or High-school Seniors’
Reviews of the Star Wars Series
3. Children’s Pictures “Space as We Imagine it!”
4. Scenarios for the Future: China and Brazil
5. Interview with our Teachers
6. Space and Nuclear Accidents
7. Conclusion
8. References
Introduction
In “Benchmark – I” and
“Benchmark – II” I made a deep and thorough research of space and
people’s interaction in it. I learned a lot about the way different countries
explore, use space and develop new revolutionary technologies. I also focused
my attention on various means of control of space utilization undertaken by
existing and emerging space powers and different governmental and
non-governmental organizations all over the world. Besides, I studied, on the
one hand, the benefits reaped of space technologies and numerous spin-offs; and,
on the other hand, space weapons, their kinds and operating principles. So, it
won’t be an exaggeration to say, that by means of such a many-sided approach to
the space issues I surely gained a profound knowledge of the topic, which I used
in “Benchmark 3”.
Besides, after the Spring 2007 Student-Teacher
Conference I was so inspired that I decided to get not only my class, but also
junior and senior students as well as teachers to take part in the research of
nonproliferation issues. Together we reflected upon the present and future of
space research, imagined the consequences of unwise use of space, tried to
explain the effects of an accident with a space object, etc.
But, of course, while I was fulfilling these extremely
creative tasks, I did my best to research and analyze the future of space development
within the context of the four domains:
· Scientific
/ environmental
· Economic
· Social
/ cultural
· Political
/ geo-political.
A Long Time Ago in a
Galaxy Far, Far Away…
In this part of the Benchmark I, my class, fifth-formers and
high-school seniors previewed and then researched the Star Wars
movie series. These hugely popular science-fiction films
which brought about a revolution in moviemaking use
space as a theme. So, it
was extremely interesting
to watch the films, analyze them and write
reviews using the knowledge about
the space that I gained
during this year.
It won’t be an exaggeration to say that the Star Wars movie series is a
legendary and hugely popular science-fiction films which took popular culture
by storm and redefined the nature of the screen spectacle.
The guiding force behind them is George Lucas, American motion-picture director and
producer. (Encarta)
Wikipedia
He either directed or produced the following films:
· THX-1138
(1965), a science-fiction story;
· American
Graffiti (1973), an evocative 1960s nostalgia piece;
· A New Hope (1977), the
forth episode of the Star Wars series;
· The Empire Strikes Back (1980), the fifth episode of the Star Wars series;
· Return of the Jedi
(1983), the sixth episode of the Star Wars series;
· Willow
(1988), a fantasy novel;
· Raiders
of the Lost Ark (1981);
· Indiana
Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984);
· Indiana
Jones and the Last Crusade (1989);
· a series
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992-1994);
· Shadow
Moon (1995), the continuation of the story of Willow;
· the
first installment of the Chronicles of the Shadow War
trilogy that included Shadow Dawn (1997) and Shadow Star (1999);
· The Phantom Menace
(1999), the first prequel and the
first episode of the Star Wars movies;
· Attack of the Clones
(2002), the second episode of the Star Wars series;
· Revenge of the Sith (2005), the third episode of the Star Wars series.
www.wikipedia.com
High-school Seniors’ Reviews
of the Star Wars Series
Wikipedia
Review by Natasha Fomina
One of the most fantastic and supernatural films of the 20th century
is “Star Wars”. It
won’t be an exaggeration to say that nowadays we can not find a person who did
not hear about it.
Speaking of this film I
must say that it consists of six episode: “The Phantom Menace”,
“Attack of the Clones”, “Revenge of the Sith”,
“A new Hope”, “The Empire Strikes Back”
and “Return of the Jedi”.
I’d like to point out that the first, the second and the third episodes were
released approximately 19 years after the production of the last three episodes
of this space saga. It’s so interesting and really unusual!
It won’t be an exaggeration to say that many famous films have sequels,
but they are very predictable and usually, even without watching them, we already
know the continuation of the hero’s life and, probably, the ending. But Star
Wars series is another story! It has a very gripping and breathtaking subject! Space!
And the plot embraces a huge amount of various events!
The
first three episodes tell us about the downfall of the Old Republic and the
rise of the Galactic Empire. In them we also learn the story of Anakin
Skywalker, the “Chosen one”, rising as a gifted young Judi and eventually
transforming into Darth Vader via the Dark Side of the Force.
The
following three episodes are given up to the story of Luke, the son of Darth
Vader, and his rise in the rebellion against the Empire.
The main idea of “Star Wars” is wrestling between good and evil and not
only in the Galaxy, but in the hearts of people. Maybe, that’s why the Star
Wars series has become one of the immortal films, the classics of the word’s
cinematograph.
In my opinion, if each person in the world thinks about other people, if
we bear Love in our hearts and souls, if people take care about each other,
we’ll live in harmony and prosperity and there won’t be any armed conflicts,
neither on Earth nor in space. I really believe that the solution of all the
problems of the mankind lies within our hearts, within each person’s attitude
towards the world. We are the only to decide which way to go: to lose hope and submit
to our dark side or to discover light inside. Shmi Skywalker said: "Anakin,
this path has been placed before you. The choice is yours alone."
Review by Marina Chernitzova
No
one can deny that other galaxies and worlds have always interested the mankind.
That is why besides real space exploration and research a lot of people travel
to far planets and stars in their imagination. Are you keen on this kind of
adventures? If you are, I invite you to the world of the Star Wars. I am sure
that this film gives a lot of new impressions and intrigues us by the plot.
It’s
common knowledge that the evens of this story take place in the fantastic
accumulation of the planets. In my opinion, despite the fictional location and
characters the conception of the Star Wars is not so simple as in fairy tales.
I believe that the conflicts introduced there are numerous.
Firstly,
the general problem consists in the confrontation between two social groups,
which are fighting for the superiority and domination in the galaxy: the Old
Republic tries to maintain its leading position, reserve the rights of all
dwellers and preserve the independence of their commercial interests. Moreover,
the Galactic Empire strives for seizure of power in all fields of public life,
using politics and secret forces at the first episodes and rushing to the
attack, building the Death Star later. So there we can see the social and
political sides of the conflict.
Secondly,
I should admit, that one of the heaviest struggles in the film is between the
forces of good and evil. The balance is kept by the Jedis who own the Force and
can do unusual things. The main characters, Anakin and Luke, should make their
decision between two sides of convictions. You see, there is a moral conflict.
Thirdly, the psychological confrontation plays a great role too: only a
truly strong hero has real friends who are always ready to help (Like Han Solo
for Luke).
Speaking
about the persons of the film, my loveliest character is Gungan, Jar Jar Binks.
I find him funny, little strange and naïve, enjoy his
manner of behavior and speech. As for me, I am fond of different fantastic
creatures of the film, which make it colorful and amazing.
In
general, I want to stress the point that the zest of the Star Wars is in combination
of real conflicts and fantastic atmosphere, which attracts our attention and
absorbs us into the world of real fancy.
Review by Christina Vatutina
Wikipedia
I
bet you’ll not find any person, who has never heard about one of the most
famous films of the entertainment industry – Star Wars. Its history began in
the late 70s of the 20th century, when science- fiction and fantastic films
were highly popular among people, especially children. But the Star Wars world,
unlike many others, was portrayed as dirty and grimy. As well, even though the
Star Wars stories span millennia, little technological evolution is depicted.
In interviews, Lucas claims that new props were rubbed with dirt to give them a
weather-worn appearance, which he calls “a used or ancient future”. In my view,
this film is fascinating and actual even nowadays because of its global scope
and exciting plot.
The
events of Star Wars take place in the fictional Star Wars galaxy. The
characters are various and unlikable, commonly identical to humans. Although
firstly people were stricken by enormous kinds of fantastic creatures, magic
elements, Jedi knights etc.
Wikipedia Wikipedia
If you want me to be honest, I was attracted by a handsome
actor, who played Anakin Skywalker, a gifted young Jedi. Episodes I, II and III
chronicle the collapse of the old Republic and the rise of the Galactic Empire.
It’s also the story of Anakin
Skywalker,
Padme Amidala, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Master Yoda, who were the members of the Jedi
Order and fought against the Dark side. Anakin was in love with Padme, but
their marriage was illegal and finally Padme died
giving birth to their twins, Luke and Leia. Palpatine,
as Darth Sidious , seized this opportunity to tempt Anakin to the Dark Side, so
young Jedi had transformed to Darth Vader destroying all the remaining Jedi in
the Galaxy.
The Wars in the Galaxy were countless: The Clone Wars, The Civil War (a
lengthy conflict in which the Galactic Empire falls at the hands of the Rebel
Alliance) so you should bear in mind that the plot of the film is very dynamic
and intrigue. George Lucas utilized a style of epic storytelling that uses
motifs, common themes and concepts which he alters slightly each time they
occur. Once I was really crazy
about these films and I’m deeply convinced, they are worth watching!
Children’s Pictures
“Space as We Imagine it!”
Scenarios for the Future
Using the knowledge I’ve learned so far in researching this year’s topic
and in taking part in the conference, I’ve decided to address the following
areas of the world: China and Brazil.
The motive of my choice is quite evident. The point is that during my
investigation I’ve made a thorough research and comparison of Russian and
American space programs and, in my opinion, my concentration on the future of
Chinese and Brazilian space exploration and utilization will surely become
interesting and useful experience for me.
So, in this part of Benchmark 3 I’m going to build and compare space-use
scenarios for the areas I’ve chosen (China and Brazil) and investigate how
countries’ space programs will affect economic, political and social stability
of the states.
China
(Encarta)
Nowadays China is considered to be one of the existing space powers,
which goes after Russia and the USA. Since
the development its space program has gone through stages of arduous
pioneering, development, reform and revitalization, and international
co-operation. China’s space industry was developed from a non-existent
industrial infrastructure to scientific and technological level. After 45 years
of struggle China ranked among the most advanced countries in such fields as
satellite recovery, multi-satellite launch by a single rocket, cryogenic
propulsion, strap-on boosters, geo-stationary satellites, and satellite
tracking and control. Significant achievements were also made in remote-sensing
and telecommunications satellites, micro-gravity experiments, and manned
spacecraft development.
Speaking about this country, I think there are two possible scenarios.
The first space-use scenario arises from the fact that the Chinese space
program was initiated at the behest of the Central Military Commission for
fulfilling national defense needs. That means that the potential military
utility of space was the central reason for China embarking on its national
space program since 1956. The original program was aimed at developing China’s
aviation, guided missiles, rockets and missile defense needs. And though
nowadays China has pursuits in both civilian and military space technology, we
can’t be entirely sure whether military or civilian applications of space will
become dominating in the future.
In the case of China’s prevailing
military use of space technologies for the purpose of consolidation of its
position as an emerging superpower, the situation between the United States,
Russia and China will resemble the Cold War and Space Race. This will lead to
the outbreak of military espionage and the following security crackdowns and
spy hunts. Of course, all these will result in increased concern of
international governmental and non-governmental organizations dealing with
security and space issues which will surely condemn China’s activities. There
will appear tension and falling off in Chinese relations with other countries,
which leaders will have to take strong measures (such as the use of sanctions)
in order to stabilize world’s situation. It goes without saying that it will
lead to political, social and economic instability in the country, hence, to
the suspense of technological development and to national security threat.
Another scenario is much more optimistic. If China chooses civilian
application of space, it will result in continued international co-operation in
order to both obtain more-advanced technology from Western countries and to
assist developing countries in development of space technology. Such
international mutual aid in this field will be beneficial to all the countries.
Besides, it will improve the relations between them and bring to the collaboration
for the purpose of solving the most crucial issues of the day. As for China, it
will have an opportunity to develop its space program, to conduct scientific
research of space, to improve its civilian earth observation systems, to
establish independent Chinese satellite navigation and positioning system, to upgrade launch vehicles
and to carry out manned spaceflight scientific investigation and technological
experiments. All these will
promote political and economic stability in the country. Besides, the country
will evolve innovative technologies beneficial to the society. Hence, the
government will get powerful backing from the population, and, thus, it will
manage to maintain social stability in the country. It goes without saying that
cooperation will result in joint efforts in the field of international
security.
So, I think that in the case of China there exist two possible scenarios
for the future. The first is connected with the development of military space
applications and the second with the civilian space exploration. We don’t know
what way China will choose in the future, but I hope that the choice will be
well-weighed and carefully thought out.
Brazil
(Encarta)
It won’t be an exaggeration to say that Brazil has the most advanced space
program in Latin America, with significant capabilities in launch vehicles,
launch sites, and satellite manufacturing. Its geographic and economic
characteristics are such that there is a great potential to employ space
technology to meet national needs.
Those include the country’s continental size, its under-populated land
borders, its huge coastline, its tropical forest regions and the enormous areas
characterized by difficult access and sparse population distribution, besides
the extensive natural resources still to be surveyed in its territory. Therefore, in spite of the
fact that Brazilian program was originally under the control of the Brazilian
military, nowadays its space applications are directed towards the solution of
concrete national civilian problems, in the fields of earth observation
(agriculture, environment, natural resources and territorial organization),
meteorology, oceanography, communications, navigation and geodesy.
In my opinion, there is no doubt that Brazil utilizes space only in
peaceful purposes. It proved its good intention when on the 11th of February,
1994; it announced that it would comply with MTCR (Missile Technology Control
Regime) guidelines. In October 1995 Brazil's application for MTCR membership
was accepted, and the country became open for export controls on its space and
missile goods and technology. Besides, in its statements related to space arms
control since 2002, Brazil consistently emphasizes that its space endeavors are
for peaceful uses and in 2002, voiced its support for the negotiation of a
treaty banning space weapons. So, I think that in the future Brazil will pursue
the same course. It will actively develop the civilian sector of space
exploration in order to improve economic situation in the country, as, in my
opinion, this plays a key role for any developing country.
Brazil will try to create some projects capable of mobilizing
considerable efforts and resources towards challenging, significant and
deserving goals, and also to those seeking solutions to national problems,
particularly through the application of space technology. For example, the
promotion of the development of space technologies will lead to the
revitalization of the industry which will become adjusted and prepared to
participate and become competitive in the market for space goods and services. This
will improve social and economic situation in the country as the development of
this sector of industry will provide numerous vacancies to the population and
thus decrease jobless rate.
Besides, it will attract the capital in the country as foreign firms and
enterprises will be eager to invest money in the economy as the development of
space will lead to the stabilization of the internal situation and foreign
investors won’t be afraid to fail or to become out of the business and lose
their money.
From ecological point of view, Brazilian space exploration will be
undoubtedly safe due to the intentions of the country to investigate civilian
applications of space to the needs of the society and its strong disinclination
to use and to proliferate weapons of mass destruction.
As to the security issues, nowadays Brazil adheres to the policy of
joint technological development and cooperation with both more advanced and
emerging space programs. I think it will result in its collaboration with other
countries with the object of solving the most critical and burning security
issues of the day.
So, I think that Brazil has only one space-use scenario, as, in my
opinion, it will have as its object civilian space exploration.
Interview with our Teachers
Interview with Vera Ignatenko,
a Maths teacher
1. For what purposes is space used nowadays: civilian or military?
I think that space has mainly civilian application nowadays.
2. For what purposes should we use space?
We should use space for civilian purposes to promote technological
progress and for military ones to maintain a strategic balance in the world.
3. Are you for or against the proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction in space?
I am against proliferation neither in space nor on Earth.
4. What will happen if a space object crashes in
a populated area?
I think it will lead to the negative attitude of the population
towards space programs and government which has not managed to prevent the catastrophe.
5. Explain the effects of an accident of a
nuclear powered space object?
Radioactive contamination of the area of an accident.
Interview of Oxana Asvatova,
a Maths teacher
1. For what purposes is space used nowadays:
civilian or military?
Mainly for civilian purpose. But, of course, military uses also take
a place.
2. For what purposes should we use space?
In my opinion, we should use space for peaceful purposes, as we have
enough weapons of mass destruction as it is. I think it’s time to stop.
3. Are you for or against the proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction in space?
I am against, but I don’t rule out the possibility of use of such
weapons, if the planet is in danger.
4. What will happen if a space object crashes in a
populated area?
I think that accident risk in this case is infinitesimal.
5. Explain the effects of an accident of a nuclear
powered space object?
Launch areas are situated far away from populated areas, so I think
there won’t be a lot of victims of the accident. Radioactive pollution is
possible.
Interview of Sergey Voitko,
an English teacher
1. For what purposes is space used nowadays: civilian or military?
Mainly for military purpose.
2. For what purposes should we use space?
In my opinion, for both military and civilian purposes.
3. Are you for or against the proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction in space?
It goes without saying, I am against the proliferation.
4. What will happen if a space object crashes in a
populated area?
There will be a lot of victims of the accident.
5. Explain the effects of an accident of a nuclear
powered space object?
I think there won’t be a lot of victims of the accident. But nearby
areas will suffer from radioactive contamination.
Space and Nuclear Accidents
Have you ever thought how fragile our planet is and how greedy and
foolish in their wish to dominate over everything earth dwellers are? Yes, I have
and not once.
Investigating the problem of nonproliferation I made a not comforting discovery
that striving for superiority countries’ leaders are ready to sacrifice the
planet’s clean environment and citizens’ health, well-being and sometimes even
lives to some questionable and insubstantial advantages. Purposing this very
aim, people have tried to winkle all possible resources out of Earth. And
nowadays we are really on a path leading to deforestation, extreme pollution of
the environment, devastation of natural resources and, finally, to people’s
dying out for lack of the stuff needed to satisfy our everyday needs. Realizing
the trend of affairs, leaders have already begun to explore space in order to
find some useful and necessary resources, to enlist the support of the
electorate and to consolidate their hold and prestige. Without thinking about
the consequences, in the middle of the 20th century people began to
develop and to launch nuclear powered space objects. The leadership in this
area has always belonged to the USA and the Soviet Union, the countries which
began their nuclear missions in the 50-s.
Over this period of time there were several nuclear accidents in space,
accidents which were and still are very dangerous to the ecosystem of the
planet and population health. It’s worth mentioning that the incidents happened
to both Soviet (then Russian) and American nuclear powered spacecrafts.
Here I want to present you a shot timeline of the past nuclear accidents
in space, as I think that in order to predict the future we are to know the
past.
|
USA |
Soviet Union/Russia |
|
1964 |
|
|
On
the 21th of April the US Transit-5BN-3 navigational satellite
failed to achieve orbit. Its SNAP 9A RTG power
source disintegrated in the atmosphere (as it was designed to do in case of
re-entry) at an altitude of about 50 kilometers. Release of its 17,000 curies
of plutonium-238 tripled the worldwide environmental inventory of
plutonium-238 and increased the total world environmental burden (measured in
curies) from all plutonium isotopes (mostly fallout from atmospheric nuclear
weapons testing) by about 4 percent. |
|
|
1968 |
|
|
On
the 18th of May, the US Nimbus-B-l meteorological satellite was
aborted following a launch failure, and fell into the Pacific Ocean just off
the California coast. Five months later, its two SNAP 19A RTGs were retrieved
intact. |
|
|
1969 |
|
|
|
In
January Soviet unmanned lunar rover COSMOS 305 lost rocket power and stayed
in orbit, dispersing radiation in upper atmosphere. |
|
|
On
the 23d of September and the 22nd of October the USSR launched
unmanned probes to the moon. Both achieved earth orbit, but re-entered the
atmosphere a few days later. According to various sources, one or both of
them carried a polonium-210 heat source. Measurable amounts of radioactivity
were detected in the atmosphere following re-entry. |
|
1970 |
|
|
A
US moon mission, Apollo 13, was aborted in April. Its jettisoned lunar lander
fell into the Pacific Ocean. The SNAP 27 plutonium power supplyhas never been
recovered, but atmospheric sampling detected no release of radioactivity, and
the RTG is assumed to have remained intact. |
|
|
1973 |
|
|
|
On
the 25th of April a Soviet nuclear powered RORSAT fell into the
Pacific Ocean near Japan after a launch failure. |
|
1978 |
|
|
|
In
one of the most serious accidents involving space nuclear power, the Soviet
Cosmos 954 re-entered the atmosphere on the 24th of January,
spreading thousands of pieces of radioactive debris over more than 100,000
square kilometers of northwest Canada. A few fragments were highly
radioactive (gamma radiation as high as 500 roentgens per hour near contact).
Canadian-U.S. teams cleaned up; after that no detectable contamination found. |
|
1983 |
|
|
|
The
jettisoned reactor core from Cosmos 1402 re-entered the atmosphere on the 7th
of February, where it disintegrated and was dispersed. |
|
1988 |
|
|
|
Radio
contact with Cosmos 1900 was lost in April, preventing a directed boost of
the satellite to a high-altitude disposal orbit. Backup systems were finally
activated on the 30th of September, just days before anticipated
reentry, and the on-board reactor was boosted to a higher orbit. |
|
1993 |
|
|
|
In
February COSMOS 1402 crashed into the South Atlantic carrying 68 pounds of
uranium-235. |
|
1996 |
|
|
|
In
November MARS96 disintegrated over Chile or Bolivia, possibly spreading its
payload of nearly a half pound of plutonium. |
So, as you can see the list of space nuclear accidents is rather huge.
Undoubtedly, each of the catastrophes had an impact on our ecosystem, the
impact which in the most of the cases is imperceptible, but we can’t deny the
fact that it does exist.
It’s also worth mentioning that 15 % of all the launches of the nuclear powered
spacecrafts failed. In my opinion, the percentage is rather substantial and really,
really threatening. But worst of all is that nuclear space technologies are
still developed. So we can say that the rise of their active application in
space is yet to come. And it’s evident that most of the leaders and politicians
are not inclined to pay any attention to the consequences of nuclear mission
failures. They are not inclined to notice that we don’t have yet any sufficient
experimental basis to conduct the launches and to handle the after-effects of
crashes. And, I think, in the future the situation will become even more
complicated as each accident will double or triple the worldwide environmental
inventory of radioactive isotopes and increase the total world environmental burden
from them. All these will lead to the aggravation of the environment and
population health, the outbreak of such serious and almost incurable diseases as
cancer or radiation sickness, high rate of infant mortality, further
development of greenhouse effect, rise in temperature, thawing of glaciers, and
thus to the total climate change. These surely will bring economic, social and
political instability.
It follows from such
evidence that citizens worldwide have a strong basis for opposing activities which
produce an appreciable risk of exposing humans and others to plutonium and
other radioactive pollution at any level. The fact that humans cannot escape
exposure to ionizing radiation from various natural sources is no reason to let
human activities increase the exposure to ionizing radiation. We do want to
live on a clean planet, to have stability and confidence of the future!!!!!
Conclusion
So I have examined some important aspects of space and space security. I
tried to make out why some states do want to have weapons of mass destruction
in space and other countries are against its militarization and further
weaponization. Every day lots of countries fight to dominate over
each other and for some of them weapons of mass destruction seem to be the easiest
way to succeed. I am glad that nowadays we‘ve begun to discuss the burning
issues of space security and talk about the grave consequences of its thoughtless
use. This makes people all other the world (and, maybe, some leaders) think
about the problem and strive for its solution.
Of course, I know that further space exploration has become an
inevitable and one of the most important parts of technological progress. I
believe that development of space technologies is a real breakthrough in modern
science. No wonder that every country wants to improve its economical and
political position in the world using space potential. But, in my opinion, they
can do it by some peaceful means, for example, by the development of civilian
applications of space such as telemedicine, global positioning systems, etc.
And I am glad that nowadays many countries are beginning to speak in favor of nonproliferation
of weapons of mass destruction in space. This topic is becoming one of the most
burning issues of a day. A lot of people are beginning to realize that we
should create peaceful conditions for life on our planet and that we need to
learn how to solve our problems without wars and battles. In order to support this
idea many states have begun to cooperate & create special space programs which
aim at peaceful uses of space for the benefits of all the people. And I think
that we, the next generation, must do our best to avoid the World War III and a
new space race. We can’t stake our planet and our lives. We are to protect Earth.
And I don’t want to abandon hope that one day our planet will be much
more peaceful and nice place to live without tragedies and catastrophes. And my
dream will undoubtedly come true!
References
1.
Encarta Deluxe, 2006
2.
Britannica, 2006
3.
www.en.wikipedia.com
4.
http://cns.miis.edu/research/space/links.htm
5.
http://cns.miis.edu/research/space/cnsres.htm
6.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/index.html
7.
http://www.idds.org/issSpaceWeaponization.html
8.
http://www.spacetoday.net/
9.
http://spacesecurity.org/
10.http://www.roscosmos.ru/index.asp?Lang=ENG