Center
for Non-Proliferation Studies
Critical
Issues Forum
Nuclear
Renaissance:
Benefits
versus Risks
Student-participant: Tatiana Serikova
Teacher-consultant: Irina Zyryanova
School 125
Snezhinsk
2007-2008
BENCHMARK
2
|
Part 1 |
Part 2 |
Part 3 |
Part 4 |
Part 5 |
Part 6 |
|
Glossary |
Laws and agencies, regulating nuclear energy in Russia |
The pages from history |
The usage of civil plants for military purposes |
Nuclear terrorism |
Bibliography |
|
Page 2 |
Page 5 |
Page 7 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 22 |
Part 1
Glossary
|
Barrier |
A
coordinated series of natural or fabricated impediments that direct,
restrict, limit, delay, or entry into a designated area. |
|
|
|
|
Enriched uranium |
Uranium
that contains more of the fissionable isotope u-235 than the naturally
occurring fraction. |
|
|
|
|
Facility |
A
reactor, critical facility, fabrication plant, reprocessing plant, isotope
separation plant, isotope storage installation or any location where nuclear
material is customarily used. |
|
|
|
|
Fissionable material |
Any
material fissionable by slow neutrons. The three basic ones are U-235, Pu-239
and U-233. |
|
|
|
|
Fuel assembly (fuel element) |
A
grouping of fuel rods, pins, plates, etc. held together by grids and other
structural components, that is maintained intact during fuel transfer and
irradiation operations in a reactor. |
|
|
|
|
Fuel reprocessing |
The
processing of nuclear fuel after its use in a reactor to remove fission products
and recover fissile, fertile, and other valuable materials. |
|
|
|
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2 Page 2 of 22
|
High-level waste |
The
highly radioactive waste material that results from the reprocessing of spent
nuclear fuel. |
|
|
|
|
Highly enriched uranium |
Uranium
enriched to 20% U-235 or more. |
|
|
|
|
Nuclear fuel cycle |
A
system of nuclear installations interconnected by a stream of nuclear material.
Such a system may consist of uranium mines, ore processing plants, enrichment
plants, fuel fabrication plants, reactors, spent fuel storages, reprocessing
plants, and assotiated storage. |
|
|
|
|
Nuclear material |
Depleted
uranium, enriched uranium, Am-241, Am-243, curium, berkelium, Cf-252, Pu-238
to Pu-242, Li-6, U-233, Np-237, deuterium, tritium, and thorium. |
|
|
|
|
Nuclear device |
A
collective term for a nuclear explosive device, which includes a nuclear weapon,
a nuclear weapon prototype, or a nuclear weapon test device. |
|
|
|
|
Nuclear facility |
A
facility whose operations involve nuclear materials in such form and quantity
that a significant nuclear hazard potentially exists to the employees or the
general public. Included are facilities that: á Produce, process, or store
radioactive liquid, solid waste, fissionable materials, or tritium. á Conduct separations
operations. á Conduct irradiated materials
inspection, fuel fabrication, decontamination, or recovery operations. á Conduct fuel enrichment
operations. Incidental
use of radioactive materials in a facility operation (e.g., check sources,
radioactive sources, x-ray machines) does not necessarily require the
facility to be included in this definition. Accelerators and reactors, and
their operations, are not included. |
|
|
|
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 3 of 22
|
Physical protection |
The
application of physical, technical, and administrative methods designed to: á Protect personnel. á Prevent or detect
unauthorized access to facilities, material, and documents. á Protect material against
espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft. á Respond to any such acts as
they occur. |
|
|
|
|
Protective personnel |
Guards, armed personnel, couriers, and
authorized escorts who are employed to protect security interests. |
|
|
|
|
Reactor |
Any
device in which a controlled, self-sustaining fission chain reaction can be
maintained. |
|
|
|
|
Security |
An
integrated system of activities, systems, programs, facilities, and policies
for the protection of classified information or matter, nuclear materials,
nuclear weapon components, and/or facilities. |
|
|
|
|
Terrorism |
The
unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to
intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance
of political or social objectives. |
|
|
|
|
Waste |
Nuclear
material in concentrations or chemical forms that do not permit economic
recovery and, therefore, are designated for disposal. |
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 4 of 22
Part 2
Laws
and agencies, regulating nuclear energy in Russia
Victor Zubkov, the prime
minister of the Russian Federation declared on February 5, 2008, that 100% of
stocks of joint-stock company "Atomic Energy Power Corporation"
are passed to the National Corporation ÒRosatomÓ. So nowadays, the agency that
regulates nuclear energy in Russia is ÒRosatomÓ.
Victor Zubkov,
Sergey Kirienko (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
It
- concludes a treaty, providing industry with essential materials,
employees and equipment
- supports different kinds of research
- carries out ownerÕs latitude
- creates orders for national needs
- makes decisions about the future of different plants(if they will be
used or if they are too dangerous for exploitation)
- regulates proliferation of nuclear materials
- takes stock of nuclear materials
- makes supervision on the inventions
- looks after import and export of nuclear technology, materials and
inventions.
It is responsible for the safety and the security of nuclear industry in
Russia and execution of the laws, connected with this branch of industry. There
are many laws regulating nuclear power engineering in our country:
presidentÕs decrees,
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 5 of 22
different
treaties and agreements. But the most important is the ÒThe law on using of nuclear energyÓ It regulates using,
safety, location of nuclear plants, responsibilities and rights, import and
export. But there arenÕt only national laws to regulate power engineering in
countries. There are also some
international treaties. Why and when were they signed?
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 6 of 22
Part 3
The
pages from history
In 1945 the USA became the
first (and the only) country, which used nuclear weapon, being at war with
Japan. And because the USSR was interested in armory superiority, it also
conducted a test of this kind of weapon. At that time the nuclear era began.
But due to awfulness of the accident, which happened in Japan in 1945, the
problem of avoiding atomic warfare was stated.
Senator Brien McMahon (1902-1952)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
It was decided, that
unavailability of technologies and nuclear materials was the main thing to
provide world security. So in 1946 the USA Congress passed an atomic energy
act, called ÒMcMahon ActÓ, which prohibited transmission of nuclear
technologies to other countries. So an idea to establish international control
on nuclear energy appeared. In the same year, the United Nations Organization
made a decision to organize the Atomic Energy Commission.
But it was usual for such
countries as the USSR and the USA (nuclear weapon states) to help other
countries to develop nuclear power engineering and even to work out nuclear
weapon, if they had some interests in it. For instance:
-
after over patching of McMahon Act in 1946, the USA helped the UK in
1954
-
the USSR collaborated with China
-
France collaborated with Israel
-
France, Federal Republic of Germany and Italy tried to organize the strategic
nuclear community
-
Canada gave technical and financial support to India.
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 7 of 22
Argentina started to develop nuclear power engineering at the end of the
fortieths, Switzerland – in 1945. Nuclear researches in Israel, North Korea,
South African Republic, Brazil, and Australia started in 1950-1960.
As a result, in the sixtieths
there was an opportunity for 15-20 countries to become the Nuclear Weapon
States. If this opportunity had been released, we would have had a great danger
for world security. But in 1965 the USA and the USSR entered into negotiations
about non-proliferation treaty.
The USA wanted to be able to transfer nuclear weapon in military
coalitions, however the USSR wanted to ban a transfer of nuclear weapon at
all. The negotiations took a lot
of time, but in March of 1968 a draft of non-proliferation treaty was given to
the United Nations Organization and on June 12, 1968 this treaty was passed.
According to this treaty
-
the transfer of nuclear weapon and other kinds of nuclear explosive
devices to any recipient whatsoever was banned
-
receiving nuclear weapon and other kinds of nuclear explosive devices
from any transferor whatsoever was banned
-
countries, which hadnÕt nuclear weapon, but signed this treaty, had to
took all items of it for granted
-
countries had a right to develop nuclear power engineering in accordance
with the treaty.
-
peaceful nuclear explosions were allowed
-
every country signed this treaty ought to carry on negotiations about
the stopping of arms race and global disarmament
-
countries could conclude a treaty about absence of nuclear weapon on
their territories
-
this treaty could be overpatched
-
every country could drop out of this treaty under some extraordinary
circumstances, which would threaten country supreme interests.
Firstly, this treaty had
period of validity for 25 years, but in 1995 it was decided to make the treaty
termless. It was opened for signing from July 1 1968 in Moscow, Washington and
London. By July, 1 2000 it was signed by 187 countries. Israel, India and
Pakistan and Cuba havenÕt signed this treaty.
Duality of nuclear energy, (it can be used both for peaceful and military
purposes) is the basis of contradictions of nuclear technology control mode. On
one hand, the development of nuclear technology can be very useful for
humanity, on the other hand these technologies can also be used for making
weapon.
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 8 of 22
Chernobyl, photo from ÒMIRÓ station,
1997 (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
Before the accident happened
in the Chernobyl nuclear power station, nuclear power engineering seemed to be
the most favorable way of the development of energy. It had been developing since
1970 and reached its golden age in 1980-1985. The amount of power of all
nuclear power stations in the world was 117 MWt. It could be expected for
continuing the rate of growth, but the Chernobyl accident caused decline in
1986. Nearly in 1990 the number of reactors, which were closed down exceeded
the number of reactors, which were put into operation. So lots of issues about
economical and ecological problems of nuclear power engineering appeared. There
were problems of ecological security, using, transporting and storing of
nuclear waste and spent fuel. Sweden, Australia and Italy stopped their programs
of developing of nuclear power engineering; Germany even closed reactors, which
were built in Eastern Germany according to the USSR plans. Nowadays, there is
no building of new nuclear reactors in Western Europe, except France.
Atomic power engineering
raised heated debates, which have been going on since the idea of using nuclear
materials as a source of energy had appeared. Can convenience of using nuclear
fuel balance the threat of using it as a material for making weapon? Moreover,
there is a threat of nuclear terrorism. Can global warming and limits of other
kinds of fuel tip the scales with lots of problems of safety and security? After all, a completely safe reactor is
still just a dream. Moreover, nuclear power engineering seems to be not
reliable with the relation to financial investments. It is usually supported by
government. Furthermore, nuclear power stations could be a target for
terrorists. In case of war, nuclear power stations will be threatened. It can
be attacked by armed forces. It means that if the stateÕs enemy owns nuclear
power stations, the state doesnÕt need to create nuclear weapon. The attack on
nuclear power station could be more effective, than explodes of a nuclear bomb,
because a reactor contains more radioactive materials than in a bomb, so radioactive
pollution after a nuclear power stationÕs explosion, would be much more
serious, than explosion of a nuclear bomb.
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 9 of 22
Модель
безопасности
на АЭС
Since the first steps to the of nuclear power
engineering were made there has always been a possibility of using of civil
nuclear power in military purposes. Due to the incident, happened in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in 1995, there was a strong emotional
shock. Mostly because of it the program of ÒAtom for PeaceÓ was started by
the American president Eisenhower in 1953. It was aimed to civil usage of
nuclear energy. In other
words, he suggested sharing civil technologies with other countries, in
order they didnÕt create military nuclear programs.
Nagasaki before and
after explosion. (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
The mushroom cloud over Hiroshima
after the
dropping of Little Boy(http://en.wikipedia.org/
)
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 10 of 22
It was
the simplest way out: other states will benefit by using of civil nuclear power
engineering if they refuse to have nuclear weapon. This suggestion was aimed to
reject the development of nuclear programs in the USSR, Great Britain, France
and China. At that time even such countries as Sweden and Switzerland tried to
work out nuclear weapon.
Dwight David Eisenhower (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
In 1957 the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was founded. ItÕs located in Vienna.
The IAEA flag (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
IAEA Headquarters, Vienne (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
The duties of this Agency are
to promote nuclear power as a source of energy and to reject development of
nuclear weapon in some countries.
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 11 of 22
IAEA
members (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
It monitors on civil nuclear
power plants, and this prevents from the prevalence of military nuclear
technologies. The continuation of EisenhowerÕs initiatives was the
Non-proliferation Treaty, which was adopted open for signing from July 1 1968.
In 2005, Mohamed ElBaradei and the IAEA were awarded by the Nobel
Peace Prize.
|
Material |
Nuclear material quality, ton |
|||||
|
1995 |
1997 |
2002 |
||||
|
Comprehensive agreement |
Particular Agreement (INFCIRC/66) |
Comprehensive agreement |
Particular Agreement (INFCIRC/66) |
Comprehensive agreement |
Particular Agreement (INFCIRC/66) |
|
|
Plutonium |
388 |
29 |
430-460 |
32-35 |
540-610 |
39-44 |
|
Uranium enriched < 20% |
10.0 |
0.4 |
10.0 |
0.4 |
10 |
0.4 |
|
Uranium enriched |
36
900 |
2410 |
39 200
- 41 100 |
2 700
– 2 800 |
44 900
– 50 300 |
3 400
- 3 800 |
|
Natural fossil fuel |
70
200 |
3980 |
80 000
- 84 000 |
4 500
– 4 700 |
108 200
– 121 200 |
5 600
– 6 300 |
Table 1. Taken stock of amount of nuclear
material (by IAEA) in countries, which donÕt have nuclear weapon. [9]
(12.31.1995 and assumption for 1997 2002 г.)
Critical Issues
Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark
2. Page 12 of 22
But the Agency couldnÕt reject
proliferation at all. As it was already said, Israel, India and Pakistan hadnÕt
signed this treaty Non-proliferation Treaty. By the end of so-called the Cold
war India, Israel and South African Republic already had nuclear weapon. So
there were 8 nuclear weapon states instead of 5 officially stated ones (the
USA, the USSR, France, China, and the UK). Later the South African Republic was
annihilated its nuclear weapon (in the ninetieths). During the war in Persian
Gulf in 1991, it was found out, that there was an advanced program of creating
of nuclear weapons in Iraq, although this country had already signed
Non-proliferation Treaty and had been examined by the IAEA regularly. In 1998
India and Pakistan shocked international society by testing nuclear weapon. In
2003 North Korea broke the contracts according to Non-proliferation Treaty and
claimed about the owning of nuclear weapons. Some experts supposed that this
incident encouraged other authoritarian regimes to do the same. For instance,
it can be Iran, but now its government convince the world society in civil
usage of nuclear energy.
In February 2003 Mohamed
ElBaradei traveled to Iran with a team of inspectors to investigate Iran's nuclear
program. In November 2003 Dr. ElBaradei reported to the Board of Governors that
Iran had repeatedly and over an extended period failed to meet with its
safeguards obligations, including by failing to declare its uranium enrichment
program. Although he stated that there was "no evidence" that Iran
was pursuing nuclear weapons, he added that he was
"still not in a position to conclude that there are no undeclared nuclear
materials or activities in Iran." On December 18,
2003 Iran signed the
Additional Protocol at
Mohamed ElBaradei (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
Critical Issues
Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark
2. Page 13 of 22
the IAEA
headquarters in Vienna,
and pledged to act in accord with its provisions pending completion of
ratification of the protocol. Iran also pledged to suspend its plutonium
reprocessing and uranium enrichment-related activities, in response to a
diplomatic initiative by France, Germany and the UK. However, Iran ended its
suspension and ended implementation of the Additional Protocol on August 1,
2005.
On September 24, 2005, the Board of
Governors, acting under Article XII.C of the IAEA Statute, found that IranÕs
failures to meet its safeguards obligations constituted non-compliance with
Iran's NPT Safeguards agreement. On February 4,
2006 the Board of the
International Atomic Energy Agency requested the Director General to make a
report concerning Iran to the United Nations Security Council
following the March 2006 meeting of the IAEA Board. This resolution was decided
by a vote of 27-3 (27 Board members voted for the resolution, 3, Cuba, Syria and Venezuela,
voted against the resolution, and the remaining 5, Algeria,
Libya,
Indonesia,
South Africa
and Belarus,
abstained).
On December 23, 2006, the UN Security
Council passed a resolution
requiring Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment activities and
requiring all UN members and the IAEA to impose certain sanctions on Iran. In
January 2007 IAEA Director General Mohamed
ElBaradei proposed a "time out", that Iran suspend enrichment
related activity and the United Nations Security Council
suspend sanctions simultaneously, with the aim to revive stalled negotiations.
At its March 2007 meeting, the Board of Governors agreed to curtail Technical
Cooperation activities with Iran, as recommended in the Director General's February 9
report.
However, on September 7,
2007, ElBaradei argued against
military action, saying: "We have not seen any weaponization of their
program, nor have we received any information to that effect - no smoking gun
or information from intelligence. Based on the evidence we have, we do not see
... a clear and present danger that requires that you go beyond
diplomacy." http://en.wikipedia.org/
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 14 of 22
Part 4
The usage of civil plants for
military purposes
All these problems are the
consequences of duality of nuclear technology: sometimes military plants canÕt
be distinguished from the civil ones. Technology and knowledge can be used both
in military and civil purposes. Every country, even regularly checked by the
IAEA and the European Atomic Energy Agency, owning civil nuclear technologies
can create nuclear weapon. The secret made of
using little amounts of nuclear fuel to military purposes
can pass unnoticed by inspecting IAEAÕs commission. There also can be cases of
theft of secret information and technologies. Even without special secret
military programs, civil usage of nuclear power has a lot of possibilities for
military developments.
-
The enrichment and fuel fabrication plants can be used for fabrication
of highly-enriched uranium, which are used for making nuclear bombs, like the
one, that was dropped on Hiroshima.
-
The experimental and civil reactors can be used for producing plutonium
which is used for making nuclear bombs, like the one, that was dropped on
Nagasaki.
-
The reprocessing plants can be used for producing Pu
, which can also be a material for making weapon.
-
Fuel storages can be used as a storage for nuclear weapon materials.
-
Nuclear facilities, which are used for civil aims, can be also used for
making military developments.
And faster development of
nuclear technologies leads to the increasing of the ability of military use.
Nowadays, nearly 30 countries own technologies for making nuclear weapons. If
the number of such countries increases (to 50-60) it will lead to the lack of
control from the IAEA. There are
also problems of terrorism - terrorists can use Òa dirty bombÓ. It is a usual
explosive device, but with the content of civil radioactive materials. It leads
to increasing of victims of a acts of terror and makes some territories useless
for farming and living.
There is a surplus of nuclear
materials in the world. It is enough to provide with nuclear fuel 1000 nuclear
power station with the power of 3000 MWt for 20 years. But it can also be used
for creating nuclear weapon. So that, the USA and Russia can use their nuclear
funds for building of new reactors or just worry about their safety. Because there is a problem of world
terrorism.
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 15 of 22
Part 5
Nuclear terrorism
There are more than 500
terrorist groups in the world, and most of them are not local, but
international. Terrorist groups are more spread in countries, which have ethnic
or religious problems. For instance: Algeria, France, Israel, Sudan, Lebanon,
Egypt, Georgia. Also there are some centers of separatism, such as Basques in
Spain (organization of ЕТА), Northern IrelandÕs IRA in Great
Britain, Kurdish in Turkey, which can be very dangerous.
The main reason for terrorism
is hatred against political regimes and their leaders, but national and
religious terrorism also exists (it is suggested, that religious terrorism will
culminate in 2020-2030). The most well-known organization is Al-Qaeda, mostly because
of the connection with the terror acts in New York (2001 September 11), But, of
course, it isnÕt only one leader of international terrorism. Hamas, Hezbollah
etc. can be examples of such organizations, which are not directly connected
with Al-Qaeda. One of the peculiar features of terrorist groups is their ability to survive.
If they are overcome in one place, they will appear in other not well-protected
region.
At the end of the eightieths
the United Nation Organization became very anxious of the problem of
international terrorism. In that way, in June 14 1989, in its resolution was
noticed, that acts of terrorism led to the threat of international security. In
its resolution (January 21 1992) the Security Council of United Nation
Organization admitted, that terror acts not only influenced negatively on
diplomatic relations and threatened statesÕ security, but threatened the world
security. At the beginning of XXI century a tendency of aspiration of terrorist
groups for owning weapon of mass destruction, such as nuclear weapon, appeared.
The problem of nuclear
terrorism is the issue of current importance for many countries, developed
nuclear power engineering. Because they are often subjects to terror acts. The
explosion in state building in Oklahoma in 1995, incident in the World Trade
Center in New YorkÕs in 1994, and the attack on it in 2001, the explosions of
houses in Moscow etc. So, the threat of acts of nuclear terrorism alarms such
countries.
Critical Issues Forum. Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 16 of 22
To understand, how serious the
threat is, letÕs try to remember, what we know about the intention of terrorist
group in this business:
-
in 1975, American company the Union Oil Co. of California got the letter
with the requirement of 100 thousand dollars, in which it was said that if they
didnÕt send these money, on one of the plants of the company nuclear bomb would
be exploded.
-
in the eightieths, Puerto Rican separatists threatened to make a terror
act on one of the USAÕs nuclear plant
-
in 1990-1992, Terrorist organization from the USA "Armenian
scientific group" threatened to destroy the largest cities in Turkey using
nuclear weapon
-
in 1993, one of the Chechen
terrorists Shamil Basayev said, that he had been offered to buy nuclear bomb at
the price of 1.5 million dollars
-
in 1994, the Lithuania Court sentenced one of the leaders of a criminal
group to death, and it was threatened to explode the Ignalinskaya nuclear power
station, but the explosive device wasnÕt found out
-
in 1995, a coolant of one
of French nuclear power station
was filled up with salt by saboteurs, involved in industrial
remonstrance
-
in 1995, SerbÕs leader Radovan Karadžić intended to buy
nuclear explosive device
-
in 1995 Chechen extremists left a container with radioactive isotope
Cs-137 in Izmaylovskyi park in
Moscow.
-
in 1995, the Japanese religious sect Aum Shinrikyo (The group was founded by Shoko Asahara
in 1984.)
supposed to made
nuclear weapon from uranium, which it assumed to get from Australia
-
in 1997, in a Russia terrorist group, which intended to occupy Kursk
nuclear power plant was neutralized.
Critical Issues Forum.
Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 17 of 22
There are a lot of efforts to
use nuclear power in illegal aims. One of the latest one is the murder of Alexander
Valterovich Litvinenko. He was a lieutenant-colonel in the Federal
Security Service of the Russian Federation till 1998, and later a Russian dissident
and a writer.
He dead because of the poisoning by radionuclide
polonium-210.
Alexander Litvinenko (http://en.wikipedia.org/ )
Specialists suggest, that it
is not high possibility, that a terrorist group can produce nuclear weapon by
itself or with the help of some scientists. But there is a Òplutonium problemÓ.
It means, that civil nuclear reactors will have produced nearly 450-500 tons of
plutonium by 2010. It is a great amount and it will certainly be more, than
countries will need. So here are risks of producing nuclear weapon from this
plutonium.
Terror acts usually aim the
achievement of dramatic effects, which can be simply achieved by using of
nuclear materials. So if terrorists occupy nuclear plant or declare of owning
nuclear weapon, there can not be serious damage, but psychological effect will
be awful. According to that, the efforts (or declaring about of these efforts)
of terror groups to get nuclear materials or damage nuclear plants will
increase. We canÕt accept the
possibility of painstakingly prepared terror acts, aimed usurpation of nuclear
power stations. One of the worst can be repeating of the Chernobyl incident,
which damaged health of thousands of people, caused lots of psychological
traumas, destroyed energy source and farming lands. Even if we reject influence
of radiation on nature and people, it will cause heavy economical and political
problems.
Critical Issues Forum.
Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 18 of 22
The fighting with nuclear
terrorism requires a lot of work in different directions, for instance work of
such organizations as the Federal Security Service to neutralize terrorist
groups. But the steps to restrict the consequences of the possible incidents,
increasing of safety and security on power plants are also necessary. The main
element of rejecting such incidents is the system of access.
For creating Security System
of nuclear power station is necessary to define organizations (and those roles)
which will be responsible for safety and security on nuclear power stations. In
Russia this responsibility belongs to ÒRosatomÓ and the administration of a
station. But the providing of safety and security of the country needs
cooperation with the Federal Security Service. ÒGosatomnadsorÓ leads
supervision. The first step is to identify requirements for access is
estimating possibility of threat. The Model of basic threat is the result of
analyzing terror and illegal activity in and out of a country. The Model is
defined by such criteria as quantity of terror groups, tactic and actions,
weapon and equipment used by them. The Model is currently upgraded. After the
incident, happened in the USA in 1993 on a nuclear power station it was stated
to include in the Model the ability of forced penetration of terroristsÕ
lorries on the territory of any nuclear power station. This Model suggests that
nuclear object is not situated in a military zone. For instance, in Budennovsk
in 1995, the situation was out of control of the Model, so that, a
responsibility for such incidents belonged to the statesÕ military services.
Experts from LANL claim that
illegal access to experiment reactors with power less than 2 MWt canÕt cause
serious consequences. As for other reactors, the consequences depend on their parameters.
The next step of the creating
of protection system of any nuclear power station is the analyzing of the
security of vital element and ways of their destruction. A list of the elements
is composed by qualified personnel with the help of architects of this nuclear power
station. They also take into account: the possible ways of movement of
terrorists, and the time, needed to reach this objects. The protection system
should give the ability to reject advancing of terrorists to the staff, till
the armed forces will appear. The
protection of nuclear power station is provided by protective personnel,
supervision and technical support, physical barrier. The information about the
terroristsÕ actions should be complete, current and opportune. Personnel should
be qualified, experienced and equipped.
Critical Issues Forum.
Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 19 of 22
Without the counteraction of
personnel, terrorists need just only some minutes to get to the vital zones of
the reactor and to destroy them. It is very important to reject the help to
terrorists from the personnel. So here is testing reliability of personnel,
testing of alcohol and dope using, and the control of the information available
for them. Also there is a control of the access to the vital zones. At entrance
to the station, everyone should be examined – arms and explosive
materials are forbidden for taking into nuclear power station.
Sometimes, it is more
difficult to organize protection in nuclear power station, than to do the same
for materials for nuclear fuel cycle. Because to destroy the station is easier,
than to take by force and get out nuclear materials. Moreover, destroying of the object is the main and the last
aim, while stolen the materials you can be arrested later, and it means the
failure of the operation.
Critical Issues Forum.
Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 20 of 22
The ÒGroup of EightÓ[1]
claimed that only the United Nation Organization could make all countries to
work together opposing world terrorism. In 2002, the ÒGroup of EightÓ
negotiated about joint actions, aimed to protect themselves from terrorism. In
2003 it was decided to help other countries, suffering from terrorists. In
2006, in St. Petersburg declaration on prevention acts of terror and other
kinds of violence upon key objects of power engineering. Unfortunately, the
attitude of some people to the terrorists, who create the image of fighters for
rights and independence, and in the Islam world - fighters for religion, is
tolerant or even sympathetic. Negative attitude to all terrorist should be
formed.
ÒGroup of EightÓ (http://en.wikipedia.org/
)
Part 6
Bibliography:
1.
IAEA
Safeguards. Glossary.1987 Edition., Nuclear Safeguards Library. IAEA, Vienna,
1987
2.
The reports
of moderators about the results of unofficial bilateral consultation. Enclosure
IIÓDÓ to the report of a working group. General Assembly of the United Nations
Organization, official reports, 58 term, 6th committee, point №156 of
agenda – ÒSteps to the Liquidation of
International TerrorismÓ(doc A/C.6/58L.10)
3.
Glotova S.
B. ÒInternational Terrorism as an International CrimeÓ, Vestnik of the Moscow
University, 11th Series, law, №6,
4.
A.
Zmeevskiy, Antiterrorism Partnership of the ÒGroup of EightÓ, International
Life, №8,
5.
Nuclear
Non-Proliferation, school-book for students of higher educational institutions,
edited by V. A. Orlov, N.N. Sokolov, PIR – the Center of Political Research,
Moscow 2000
6.
V. Esin, ÒThe
Ways of Counteraction against International TerrorismÓ, Nuclear Control,
№4, 2003
7.
V. Nosenko
ÒThe Islam World the Fighting against International TerrorismÓ, World Economic
and International Relations, №3, 2007
8.
Roland
Timerbaev, ÒNuclear Non-Proliferation Mode, State and OutlookÓ, PIR – the
Center of Political Research, 2004
9.
N.S.
Babaev, E.O. Adamov, M.N. Ryzhov, I.A. Sobolev, ÒThe IAEAÓ, a scientific
edition, Moscow, 1997
Critical Issues Forum.
Tatiana Serikova. Benchmark 2. Page 22 of 22